Adult preventive health screening — personalised, evidence-based, not a package

In brief

• Screening looks for disease in people who feel well, and is worth doing only if finding it early improves the outcome.
• Singapore’s STRC 2026 framework sorts tests into three tiers: suitable for everyone, for higher-risk individuals, or not recommended.
• The subsidised national baseline covers blood pressure, weight, cholesterol, blood sugar, and cervical, breast and bowel cancer screening.
• More tests isn’t better: broad tumour markers, whole-body scans and routine chest X-rays cause false alarms without improving survival.
• We add tests for your own risks and existing conditions, and review your vaccinations at every screening visit.
• Persistent one-sided ear symptoms, nasal bleeding or a neck lump need prompt clinical evaluation, not a screening test.

We plan personalised screening, including Screen for Life tests, at our Punggol clinic. See our health screening.

What health screening actually is (and isn’t)

Screening means looking for disease in someone who feels well, early enough that treatment changes the outcome. It is not:

• Diagnosis. A positive screening test usually just means you need further tests. Most positives on broad screens are not disease.
• Surveillance. If you already have diabetes, checking your kidney function and retina is surveillance (complication monitoring), with different rules.
• “Finding something interesting on a scan.” A test is only useful screening if finding disease earlier actually improves outcomes.

The World Health Organization has long-standing principles for when a test is worth doing as screening. In condensed form:

1. The condition is an important health problem
2. There is an accepted treatment for the disease
3. Facilities for diagnosis and treatment are available
4. There is a recognisable latent or early symptomatic phase
5. There is a suitable test that is acceptable to the population
6. The natural history of the condition is well understood
7. There is an agreed policy on who to treat
8. The cost of finding cases is reasonable in the context of overall medical expenditure
9. Case-finding should be continuous, not a one-off

If a test fails most of these, doing it anyway tends to cause more harm than good, through false positives, unnecessary procedures, anxiety and cost.

The Singapore STRC 2026 framework — three tiers

In February 2026, the Screening Test Review Committee (STRC), convened by the Academy of Medicine Singapore and the Ministry of Health, published updated recommendations on which tests are worth doing in Singapore, for whom, and how often. It sorts tests into three categories:

• Category 1 — suitable for population-level screening. Strong evidence that the test reduces deaths or serious illness, is cost-effective for the general population in a defined age range, and has uniform expert backing. These form the national programme’s backbone.
• Category 2 — suitable for individual-level decision. Not cost-effective to offer everyone, but useful in specific higher-risk groups. Whether to do it is a discussion between you and your doctor.
• Category 3 — not recommended. The evidence is insufficient, the test is inaccurate enough to cause more harm than good, or the balance of benefit and harm is unfavourable for everyone, including apparently high-risk groups.

This framework underpins our approach. We offer Category 1 tests on the standard schedule and discuss Category 2 tests when your risk warrants. For Category 3 tests, we explain why we don’t recommend them, even if you’ve seen them on a package menu.

The national baseline — Healthier SG and Screen for Life

Two connected national programmes matter:

• Healthier SG: preventive-care enrolment with your chosen GP, with regular review of weight, blood pressure and lifestyle, and recommended screening built into your chronic-care plan.
• Healthier SG Screening (formerly Screen for Life, still called SFL in older materials): subsidised screening at participating CHAS GP clinics. It covers Category 1 tests for eligible Singapore Citizens for $5 or less per visit, or $0 at the clinic they are enrolled with under Healthier SG. Permanent Residents can also screen, at rates set by each clinic.

Together they make the Category 1 backbone highly subsidised and easy to access for most residents. The current Screen for Life package includes, by age:

• Cardiovascular risk screening: blood pressure (from age 18, opportunistically and at least annually); fasting or non-fasting lipids (from age 40, every 3 years); fasting plasma glucose or HbA1c (from age 40, every 3 years)
• Body composition: BMI and waist circumference (from age 18, annually)
• Female breast cancer screening: mammography (age 50–69 every 2 years; age 40–49 can consider annual screening after discussing benefits and limitations)
• Cervical cancer screening: Pap test (women 25–29 every 3 years); HPV testing (women ≥ 30 every 5 years)
• Colorectal cancer screening: FIT (from age 50, annually) or colonoscopy (from age 50, every 10 years; earlier or more often with polyps or family history)

Structured conversations about vaccination, lifestyle and mental health are expected to be part of the visit.

This is a strong baseline. For a well adult without significant risk factors, it covers most of what screening can usefully do in Singapore today. It is cost-effective, evidence-based and calibrated to the local disease burden.

What the national programmes don’t routinely cover (and why we add it)

Screen for Life is a population-level programme. It captures the biggest risks efficiently at the lowest cost, but can’t cover every worthwhile test for everyone. Gaps we routinely fill:

• Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated GFR (eGFR). Early kidney damage often shows as albuminuria before eGFR falls, yet Screen for Life doesn’t currently include either for the general population. We add them for people with diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, cardiovascular disease or a significant family history of kidney disease, because abnormal results change treatment. See our chronic kidney disease guide.
• Thyroid function (TSH): not justified as population screening, but often useful with tiredness, weight change, mood symptoms or a family history of thyroid disease.
• Lp(a): a one-time lipoprotein(a) test is now recommended internationally for most adults (see our cholesterol and statins guide). It is not yet part of Screen for Life.
• Bone health review: osteoporosis risk assessment (OSTA score) and a decision on a DXA scan, from age 50 in women and 65 in men, or earlier with risk factors.
• Depression and anxiety screen (PHQ-2 or similar): brief, inexpensive and often useful, particularly with chronic physical illness.
• Hepatitis B and C serology: worth checking at least once in most adults, given how common they are and that effective treatment exists.
• Vitamin D, B12, iron studies: depending on symptoms and risk (diet, medicines, malabsorption, age).

Some of these may move into Category 1 as evidence and cost-effectiveness data build; the STRC guideline is refreshed periodically (2019, 2026, with more updates expected).

Why “more tests” isn’t usually “more health” — the executive package problem

Executive screening packages often include many tests beyond the evidence-based backbone. Common examples:

• Routine breast ultrasound “in addition to mammography”: Category 3 in the general population. The STRC notes it significantly raises false positives and investigations of benign findings, without improving survival. It has a role only in specific high-risk patients with dense breasts, under specialist direction.
• Routine chest X-ray as lung cancer screening: clearly Category 3; it doesn’t reduce lung cancer deaths. The evidence-based test is low-dose CT (LDCT) in a specific high-risk group: age 50–80, ≥20 pack-years of smoking, and currently smoking or quit within 15 years.
• Whole-body MRI or CT screening: no population-level evidence of benefit, many incidental findings leading to more scans and procedures, and meaningful radiation with CT.
• “Total heart check” panels built on exercise stress testing in adults with no symptoms or cardiovascular risk factors. The evidence doesn’t support this as screening, and false positives lead to unnecessary coronary angiography.
• Body fat percentage: Category 3 per STRC; BMI and waist circumference remain the useful measures.
• Routine ECG in healthy adults without symptoms: low yield, and minor changes often prompt further tests without clear benefit. A focused ECG is useful when clinically indicated.
• Wide micronutrient panels, heavy metal screens, “food intolerance” IgG tests, and routine hormone panels without symptoms: generally Category 3.
• Broad tumour marker panels as a general “cancer check”: Category 3 for population screening of the major cancers (breast, colorectal, lung). They miss many cancers, generate meaningful numbers of false positives, and don’t reliably improve survival. They have a different role when patients specifically ask for cancer screening (see below), but don’t replace evidence-based screening.

The cost is not only the price tag. False positives cause real harm: weeks of anxiety, unnecessary biopsies and procedures with their own complications, and lingering distress even after follow-up tests are clear. Primary care research consistently finds this harm underestimated.

We don’t refuse tests when there is a clinical reason or an informed request, but we will tell you directly if one is unlikely to help.

The KTMC approach — personalised screening on three pillars

Rather than start from a package list, we build your plan from three inputs.

Pillar 1 — the national evidence-based baseline

Everything in STRC Category 1, as listed above, at the right age and frequency for you, with blood pressure checked at every visit. The blood tests and cervical screening are Screen for Life–subsidised at KTMC. Bowel cancer screening starts with a FIT stool test, which is also subsidised under Screen for Life; if it is positive, we refer you for a colonoscopy, which is subsidised when you are referred to a public hospital. For mammography, we refer you to a participating centre such as a polyclinic, where Screen for Life rates apply.

Pillar 2 — your specific risks

Beyond the baseline, we tailor screening to your:

• Family history: especially of cancer (breast, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, lung), early cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, familial hypercholesterolaemia, and inherited cancer syndromes (BRCA, Lynch, familial polyposis)
• Previous history: cancer, a cardiovascular event, acute kidney injury, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, significant occupational exposure
• Ethnicity: some conditions are more common in certain groups (gastric cancer in Chinese patients; haemoglobinopathies; type 2 diabetes risk varies)
• Lifestyle exposures: smoking history (which informs LDCT eligibility), alcohol, occupation, travel, sexual-health risk factors
• Menstrual and reproductive history: early menopause, multiparity and breastfeeding, which influence breast cancer and osteoporosis risk
• Medications: long-term corticosteroids, aromatase inhibitors, GnRH therapy, some anticonvulsants and long-term PPIs affect bone density; some psychiatric medicines affect metabolic risk
• Immune status: HIV, solid organ or bone marrow transplant, or long-term immunosuppression, which affect cervical screening frequency and vaccination priorities
• Own concerns: a news story, a relative’s diagnosis, a new symptom. These deserve a direct answer.

If your profile puts you in a Category 2 (higher-risk) group for a test not offered to everyone, we discuss whether and when to do it. For example:

• LDCT for lung cancer if you are aged 50–80 with ≥ 20 pack-years of smoking (currently smoking or quit ≤ 15 years ago)
• mammography plus breast MRI for BRCA1/2 carriers, or women with a strong family history of breast cancer without a proven mutation
• colonoscopy before 50 for a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer diagnosed before 60, or specific polyposis or Lynch syndromes
• a bone density (DXA) scan for a high-risk OSTA score or high-risk medication history
• annual diabetes or lipid screening before 40 with risk factors (strong family history, PCOS, prior gestational diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, CKD)
• more frequent cervical screening in immunocompromised women

Pillar 3 — secondary screening for existing conditions

This pillar is often forgotten because it isn’t screening in the pure sense, but it matters as much. If you have a chronic condition, we build in specific checks that detect complications early.

• Diabetes: retinal photography, foot examination with monofilament, UACR, lipid panel and dental review annually; eGFR 1–2 times a year; HbA1c every 3–6 months; mood screen at least yearly. See our diabetes preventive care guide.
• Hypertension: BP at every visit; eGFR and UACR at least annually; lipid panel; HbA1c if risk factors; fundal examination if indicated; ECG at diagnosis and periodically; sleep apnoea screening if resistant or symptoms suggest it.
• Cardiovascular disease or high CV risk: lipids at least annually, HbA1c if diabetic, BP, weight, depression screen, medication review.
• Chronic kidney disease: eGFR and UACR at a frequency matched to your stage and risk (once a year at lower risk, rising to three or more times a year at very high risk); vaccinations including hepatitis B, flu, pneumococcal and shingles. See our CKD guide.
• Post-cancer surveillance: individualised to the cancer type and treatment received, coordinated with your oncologist.
• Osteoporosis: follow-up DXA every 1–3 years where indicated, bone profile, vitamin D.
• Atopic conditions (asthma, eczema): control-focused rather than screening-focused, with regular review of triggers, technique and medication.

This pillar is the clearest reason to keep a consistent primary care doctor rather than drifting between clinics: the checks make sense when someone holds the whole picture.

Age-based screening roadmap — most adults at a glance

Not a substitute for a personalised conversation, but a reasonable starting picture.

Ages 18–29

• Blood pressure annually
• BMI and waist circumference annually
• Smoking and alcohol review; mental health check-in
• Women 25–29: Pap test every 3 years
• Sexual health screening where risk factors are present
• Vaccinations: HPV if not previously given (up to age 26 in most protocols; older with specific indications); hepatitis B if not immune; MMR and varicella if not immune; Tdap booster every 10 years; annual flu vaccine

Ages 30–39

• Above, plus:
• Women ≥ 30: HPV testing every 5 years (replaces Pap)
• Fasting or non-fasting lipids if cardiovascular risk factors or family history
• HbA1c / FPG if metabolic risk factors
• Depression and stress screen if indicated

Ages 40–49

• Above, plus:
• Lipid panel every 3 years (Screen for Life)
• HbA1c or FPG every 3 years (Screen for Life)
• Women: annual mammography can be considered after discussing benefits and limitations (STRC 2026)
• Vaccinations: consider pneumococcal and HPV if not previously vaccinated and at higher risk

Ages 50–64

• Above, plus:
• Colorectal screening: FIT annually (Screen for Life) or colonoscopy every 10 years
• Women: mammography every 2 years (Screen for Life, 50–69)
• Osteoporosis risk assessment from 50 in women using OSTA; DXA if risk factors present
• Lung cancer screening with LDCT if ≥ 20 pack-years of smoking (currently smoking or quit ≤ 15 years ago)
• Vaccinations: Shingrix (shingles) can be considered from age 50 (NAIS-subsidised from age 60, or from 18 with immunocompromising conditions); pneumococcal vaccination as per schedule; annual flu; Tdap every 10 years

Ages 65 and above

• Above, plus:
• Osteoporosis risk in men from age 65
• Consider frailty, falls, cognitive and functional assessments
• Influenza, pneumococcal, shingles and other adult vaccinations reviewed annually
• Medication review (deprescribing conversation where appropriate)

Screening in older adults becomes more individual, particularly where life expectancy, other illnesses or treatment preferences make intensive screening less likely to help. We discuss this openly rather than quietly drop tests.

When patients want broader cancer screening — tumour markers and emerging tests

Wanting reassurance that you don’t have cancer is entirely reasonable, and the evidence-based backbone (mammography, cervical, colorectal) covers only some cancers. Nasopharyngeal, liver, gastric and pancreatic cancers, all more common in Asian populations than in Western benchmarks, sit largely outside the national programme. People with a family history or a specific concern often want to go further.

We respond in two ways:

1. We keep the evidence-based backbone central. Mammography, cervical and colorectal screening are the biggest cancer-related interventions for most adults. No cancer panel replaces them.
2. We offer specific additional tests on request, after a proper conversation about what each test can and cannot tell us.

The tests we routinely offer in this category:

Traditional tumour markers

CEA, CA15-3, CA19-9, AFP, CA-125 (and PSA in men) are proteins produced by certain cancers, familiar to many from executive packages.

• They are not sensitive enough to reliably detect early cancer. Many cancers produce normal marker levels, and many benign conditions raise them.
• A raised level does not mean cancer. Common causes include smoking, benign inflammation, liver disease, pregnancy, ovarian cysts and random biological variation.
• A normal level does not rule out cancer. You can have a significant cancer with normal markers.
• A positive result usually triggers more tests (imaging, sometimes endoscopy or biopsy), with real cost and anxiety, often for findings that turn out benign.
• Used with other tests, they can add information. For example, a raised AFP alongside a liver ultrasound changes the picture for liver cancer surveillance. So we use them selectively, not as a general “cancer check”.

If you want these tests, we’ll do them, after discussing what a positive or borderline result would mean, so the follow-up isn’t a surprise.

EBV serology (EA-IgA) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk

For patients concerned about NPC, we offer Epstein-Barr virus early-antigen IgA serology (EBV EA-IgA), a blood test for antibodies against an EBV protein. Raised titres are linked to a higher NPC risk and have been used in screening studies of Southern Chinese populations, where NPC is most common.

• A raised titre is not a diagnosis. It identifies people who need an ENT review with nasoendoscopy (a direct look at the nasopharynx), the definitive assessment.
• A normal result does not fully exclude NPC. New or persistent symptoms still need clinical evaluation, whatever the blood result.
• It is most useful in adults of Chinese ancestry and anyone with a family history of NPC.
• Persistent one-sided ear symptoms, nasal bleeding or a neck lump are not a screening question. They need clinical evaluation and direct referral.

Cell-free DNA multi-cancer blood tests

An emerging class of blood tests that detect DNA fragments shed by tumours into the bloodstream (circulating tumour DNA, ctDNA). Most use DNA sequencing, often reading methylation patterns (chemical tags on the DNA), rather than PCR. They are being evaluated as multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tools, some checking for signatures of dozens of cancers at once.

• The evidence is still maturing. The first large randomised trial, NHS-Galleri in England, reported in 2026: adding the test did not significantly reduce cancers diagnosed at a late stage (III or IV), although fewer stage IV cancers were found. Follow-up continues, and the tests are not yet proven for population screening.
• The cost is meaningful: these tests are private-pay at current pricing.
• What follows a positive result is significant and not yet standardised. A positive signal may not clearly identify the tissue of origin, leading to extensive follow-up imaging.
• STRC placement: not yet recommended for population screening; best described as an informed, patient-preference addition.

We offer these blood-based cancer screening tests on request, after discussing what the test can and can’t do, what a positive result triggers, and what it costs.

The framing we use

Patient-preference cancer screening is a legitimate part of a plan, provided it sits on top of the evidence-based backbone rather than replacing it. We don’t recommend these tests routinely, and we don’t refuse them if you’re informed and want them.

Tests that really aren’t useful as screening

Some tests don’t help regardless of preference, because better tests have replaced them or false positives outweigh any information gained. We do not recommend:

• Routine breast ultrasound as a general population screen (a different role in specific high-risk patients with dense breasts, under specialist direction)
• Abdominal X-ray or abdominal CT as a general screen
• Chest X-ray as lung cancer screening (LDCT is the evidence-based test, in the right high-risk group only)
• Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneum (QUS) for osteoporosis; DXA is the proper test
• Serum calcium, ESR or serum phosphate as osteoporosis screening
• Body fat percentage: BMI and waist are the useful measures
• Routine ECG in adults without symptoms or cardiovascular risk factors
• Whole-body MRI or CT as a screening tool: no evidence of population benefit, and high incidental finding rates
• Routine coronary calcium scoring in low-risk adults with no family history and no risk factors
• Broad micronutrient panels, “food intolerance” IgG testing, routine hormone panels without clinical symptoms

We’d rather explain why than silently decline. If a non-medical source has told you to do any of these, please bring it up.

Vaccinations — part of every screening visit

Vaccinations are the other half of preventive care, and easily neglected after childhood. We review them at every screening visit and catch up where needed. The National Adult Immunisation Schedule (NAIS) covers:

• Influenza: every year for everyone, particularly those over 65 and with chronic conditions
• Pneumococcal: PCV20, or PCV13 and/or PPSV23 as an alternative, for adults 18+ with chronic medical conditions and everyone aged 65 and above
• Shingrix (recombinant zoster vaccine): two doses, recommended under NAIS for all adults from age 60, and from age 18 for those with immunocompromising conditions (subsidised from September 2025). Adults 50–59 without those conditions can consider it on a self-funded basis.
• Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis): every 10 years, with particular attention for close contacts of newborns
• Hepatitis B: for adults not previously vaccinated, particularly with risk factors or chronic kidney disease
• Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and varicella: for adults without documented immunity
• HPV: catch-up for adults not previously vaccinated, especially with specific risk factors
• COVID-19 boosters: as recommended, particularly in higher-risk groups
• Travel-specific vaccines (typhoid, hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, yellow fever), planned before travel

Many are subsidised under NAIS and available through HSG/CHAS.

The screening landscape is not static

Two predictions should shape how you think about screening over the next decade:

1. More conditions will move into Category 1. Tests now done only in high-risk patients (such as LDCT for smokers, or possibly eGFR/UACR more broadly) may join the population programme as evidence builds. Re-check your plan every few years rather than assuming one package means you’re done.
2. Some tests now marketed for screening will drop away; others will be added. Clearer evidence on false-positive harms and downstream costs will push some out. Emerging biomarker tests (multi-cancer early detection panels, liquid biopsy, better risk-stratification tools) may move into Category 1 or 2 as larger trials mature.

So we treat screening as part of your ongoing care, not a one-off event. The right plan at 35 won’t be the same at 55.

The Singapore context — practical access and cost

• Healthier SG: Singapore Citizens and PRs aged 40 and above can enrol with us. Enrolled Singapore Citizens pay $0 for their recommended Healthier SG screening tests at their enrolled clinic and get special subsidies for recommended vaccinations, with a fully subsidised Health Plan consultation. (The separate Healthier SG Chronic Tier lowers the cost of selected chronic-disease medicines, not screening.)
• Healthier SG Screening (formerly Screen for Life, SFL): eligible Singapore Citizens pay $0 to $5 per screening visit at participating CHAS GP clinics, depending on their CHAS, Merdeka Generation or Pioneer Generation card. This covers all the tests they are due for at that visit, plus one follow-up consultation if needed. Permanent Residents can also screen, at rates set by each clinic. It is available at KTMC for all eligible patients.
• CHAS: means-tested subsidies for consultations and specific health services at participating GP clinics. Pioneer Generation, Merdeka Generation and CHAS Blue / Orange / Green tiers apply. More at chas.sg.
• MediSave: usable for selected screening tests and vaccinations under the MediSave500/700 scheme, up to its annual limit (currently $500, or $700 for complex chronic conditions). From January 2027 it is renamed the MediSave Chronic and Preventive Care scheme, and the limits rise to $700 / $1,000.
• Private-pay screening: when tests fall outside national subsidies (such as LDCT for lung cancer in eligible smokers, certain specialist scans or extended panels), we are direct about cost and any lower-cost alternatives.

What a KTMC screening visit looks like

For a new patient wanting a proper screening review:

1. A conversation: your history, family history, symptoms you may not have mentioned, medicines, lifestyle, what worries you and what you hope to find out
2. A physical examination: blood pressure, weight, BMI, waist, heart and lungs, and any area of concern
3. An individualised plan based on the STRC 2026 framework and your profile, including which tests we’re not recommending and why
4. Blood and urine tests at the clinic, typically lipids, FPG or HbA1c, eGFR and UACR (where indicated)
5. Arrangements for other tests: mammography, FIT (sometimes the kit goes home with you), DXA or other scans where appropriate
6. A vaccination review: what you’re due for and when
7. A follow-up conversation once results are back, to interpret them together, agree next steps and set a review interval

If you’re enrolled under Healthier SG, much of this fits into your regular chronic-care plan rather than being a one-off.

Get in touch

Punggol — 658 Punggol East, #01-04, Singapore 820658 · Tel 6312 4589

Joo Chiat — 172 Joo Chiat Road, #01-01, Singapore 427443 · Tel 6920 1952

Email — admin@ktmc.sg

References

Singapore screening framework and national programmes

• Academy of Medicine Singapore / Ministry of Health. Report of the Screening Test Review Committee 2026, Volume 1. February 2026.
• Ministry of Health, Singapore. Screen for Life programme. screenforlife.sg
• Ministry of Health, Singapore. Healthier SG programme. healthiersg.gov.sg
• Health Promotion Board, Singapore. National Adult Immunisation Schedule (NAIS). healthhub.sg
• Community Health Assist Scheme. chas.sg
• Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Healthier SG Screening — National Health Screening Programme. healthhub.sg
• Ministry of Health, Singapore. Benefits of Healthier SG; How to enrol; Healthier SG Chronic Tier. healthiersg.gov.sg
• Central Provident Fund Board. Budget 2026 Highlights: Enhancements to the MediSave500/700 Scheme and Coverage of Chronic Disease Management Programme. 5 March 2026. cpf.gov.sg

Principles of screening

• Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease. WHO, Geneva, 1968. (The original screening principles, still the foundation of modern practice.)
• Andermann A, Blancquaert I, Beauchamp S, Déry V. Revisiting Wilson and Jungner in the genomic age: a review of screening criteria over the past 40 years. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(4):317–319.

Specific conditions referenced

• Agency for Care Effectiveness (ACE). Lipid management — focus on cardiovascular risk. ACE Clinical Guideline, Ministry of Health, Singapore. December 2023 (v1.1, 2025).
• Agency for Care Effectiveness (ACE). Chronic kidney disease — delaying progression and reducing cardiovascular complications. ACE Clinical Guidance, October 2023.
• Agency for Care Effectiveness (ACE). Osteoporosis — diagnosis and management. ACE Clinical Guidance, 2025.
• KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117–S314. kdigo.org
• Sasieni P, Johnson P, Round T, et al. Effect of Screening with Multicancer Early-Detection Test on Late-Stage Cancer Diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2026 (published online 22 September 2026). doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2505723

On the harms of over-screening and false positives

• Welch HG, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Overdiagnosed: Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health. Beacon Press, 2011.
• Brodersen J, Schwartz LM, Heneghan C, O’Sullivan JW, Aronson JK, Woloshin S. Overdiagnosis: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2018;23:1–3.

This information is for general education only and is not a substitute for medical advice. A proper screening plan is personalised to your age, sex, risk profile, existing conditions, and preferences — please speak with our team. v2.1 · October 2026 (v2.0 April 2026) · Review due April 2028.